References and further reading

1. Langan SM, Irvine AD and Weidinger S Atopic dermatitis The Lancet 2020;396:345-360

2. Types of eczema Adapted from the National Eczema Association Available at nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/ Accessed May 2021

3. Agrawal R and Woodfolk JA Skin barrier defects in atopic dermatitis Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2014;14:433-433

4. Thomsen SF Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases European Clinical Respiratory Journal 2015;2:24642

5. Sayaseng KY and Vernon P Pathophysiology and management of mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2018;32:S2-S12

6. Kantor R and Silverberg JI Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2017;13:15-26

7. NICE How should I diagnose atopic eczema? Available at cks.nice.org.uk/topics/eczema-atopic/diagnosis/diagnosis/ Accessed May 2021

8. Cork MJ and Danby S Skin barrier breakdown: A renaissance in emollient therapy British Journal of Nursing 2009;18:872, 874, 876-7

9. Na CH, Chung J and Simpson EL Quality of life and disease impact of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis on children and their families Children 2019;6:133

10. Beattie PE and Lewis-Jones MS A comparative study of impairment of quality of life in children with skin disease and children with other chronic childhood diseases British Journal of Dermatology 2006;155:145-151

11. Penzer R Managing and prescribing for atopic eczema in children Independent Nurse 2015; Available at www.independentnurse.co.uk/clinical-article/managing-and-prescribing-foratopic-eczema-in-children/108970/ Accessed May 2021

12. Kaufman BP, Guttman-Yassky E and Alexis AF Atopic dermatitis in diverse racial and ethnic groups--Variations in epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation and treatment Experimental Dermatology 2018;27:340-357

13. Williams HC, Pembroke AC, Forsdyke H et al London-born black caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1995;32:212-217

14. NICE Atopic eczema in under 12s: Diagnosis and management Available at www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg57/resources/atopic-eczema-in-under-12s-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-975512529349 Accessed May 2021

15. Tang TS, Bieber T and Williams HC Are the concepts of induction of remission and treatment of subclinical inflammation in atopic dermatitis clinically useful? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2014;133:1615-1625.e1

16. Ng JPX, Liew HM and Ang SB Use of emollients in atopic dermatitis Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2015;29:854-857

17. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R et al Emollients and moisturisers for eczema The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017;2:CD012119-CD012119

18. Moncrieff G, Cork M, Lawton S et al Use of emollients in dry-skin conditions: consensus statement Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2013;38:231-238

19. NHS Emollients Available at www.nhs.uk/conditions/emollients/ Accessed May 2021

20. Weidinger S and Novak N Atopic dermatitis The Lancet 2016;387:1109-1122

21. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Emollients: new information about risk of severe and fatal burns with paraffin-containing and paraffin-free emollients Available at Accessed May 2021

22. Santer M, Muller I, Yardley L et al Parents' and carers' views about emollients for childhood eczema: qualitative interview study BMJ Open 2016;6:e011887