This diagram shows a cross-section of the skin in its normal, healthy state compared to skin with symptoms of eczema, which is also known as dermatitis.

If skin loses moisture – including water, fats and oils – it becomes dry, meaning that irritants and bacteria pass through cracks to its deeper layers, causing irritation. In response, white blood cells and fluid rush to the area and the accumulation of these white cells causes swelling and inflammation, leading to further irritation and itchiness. Inflamed skin can appear red on lighter skin, and darker brown, purple or grey on darker skin. It can also be more diffi cult to see on darker skin.

This inflammation can become chronic and the natural barrier of the skin compromised, which can lead to long-term, uncomfortable and irritable skin that can feel dry, itchy, cracked and sore, having a signifi cant impact on quality of life.