More acceptable formulations are available for minor conditions:

• EMULSIONS These first hydrate the skin, with various constituents used to enhance water penetration or uptake by the epidermis (see below). They lose water, mainly by evaporation but also absorption into the skin. This, combined with the mechanical stress caused by their application, causes emulsions to crack and release their oil phase. The layer of oil forms a hydrophobic seal over the skin, which retards further water evaporation.
• OIL-IN-WATER CREAMS AND LOTIONS Often termed emollients, these have an additional cosmetic effect of smoothing down the rough, scaly surface of dry skin and reducing mechanical drag, making it feel smooth to the touch. Water evaporation, especially from emollients with a higher water content, produces a cooling effect on the skin. This alleviates the pruritus that accompanies dry skin conditions such as eczema.
• WATER-IN-OIL PREPARATIONS The degree of occlusiveness and prevention of water evaporation depends on the oil content of an emulsion. Water-in-oil preparations with a very greasy texture may be suitable for more severe dry skin and eczematous conditions, but they are generally less aesthetically acceptable for use in milder conditions.