As is often the case, preparation is key in terms of preventing and managing anxiety. Taking the time to explain to the adults in the lives of young people what is going to happen, or is happening, can go a long way to helping them ready themselves for what lies ahead or is currently going on. For younger children, books and games can help them understand events that are upsetting or have the potential to evoke such feelings, for example serious illness, bereavement and family relationship breakdowns.

Routines and boundaries also have a place, not just with younger children but also for teenagers and young adults who may benefit from the clarity introduced by having limitations, plus reassurance and practical help. Open and considerate communication is key, with an emphasis on listening rather than trying to solve problems and building trust instead of sitting in judgement. Note that the adult involved in these conversations, particularly with teens, may not be a parent or carer but someone from school or an extracurricular activity with whom they have built a positive rapport.

There are some relatively simple strategies that can help young people deal with their anxiety, although it is important to ensure these are age-appropriate. They include:

• Making sure diet, sleep and physical activity are all healthy
• Trying to recognise negative thoughts, including unrealistic expectations and being self-critical, and focusing on positives
• Allowing time to worry and noting worries down to try and find ways to work on solutions. Apps like Moodpath can help 
• Practising breathing exercises, such as inhaling and exhaling for five counts, while trying to relax muscles a little more each time, or other progressive muscle relaxation exercises 
• Performing mindfulness exercises. Apps such as Calm and Headspace may be useful
• Exercising when anxiety starts to build to release energy and endorphins, for example, by going for a walk or run, or doing a dance or fitness video
• Putting together a self-soothe box containing items that might help during anxious episodes
• Talking to someone – not only can this help the person who is experiencing anxiety to verbalise their feelings, but the simple act of reaching out and supporting someone else can also be powerful.

There are also some basic ground rules to bear in mind when dealing with someone with suspected or confirmed anxiety, or their caregivers. Confidentiality is of paramount importance, as is sensitivity and being non-judgemental. Consideration should also be given to equality and diversity, in terms of communication needs, cultural appropriateness, and individual requirements – for example, someone with social anxiety disorder may be reluctant to attend the services in person, so alternative arrangements should be sought.