There are several types of anxiety disorders, some of the most common listed below.
- Generalised anxiety disorder involves persistent and excessive worry, often about an everyday matter such as family health, finances or employment, that interferes with daily activities and may be accompanied by physical symptoms.
- Panic disorder features the core symptom of recurrent panic attacks, during which the sufferer experiences an overwhelming combination of physical and psychological distress in response to an identifiable trigger or on an unexpected basis. The individual is very concerned about the recurrence or significance of the attacks, which in turn leads to coping strategies that interfere with normal functioning.
- Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, manifests as significant concerns about feeling embarrassed, humiliated or rejected in social interactions – for example, meeting new people, public speaking, or eating or drinking in public – which persists for several months. It causes issues with normal functioning because of its association with avoidant behaviour or enduring the situation with high levels of fear.
- Separation anxiety disorder involves someone feeling excessively and persistently fearful about being away from a person to whom they are strongly attached - in children, the focus is usually a caregiver, whereas in adults, it is more likely to be a child or romantic partner – to the point that it causes a deterioration in functioning. Examples include refusing to go out or sleep away from home because of worries about losing the person they are closest to or experiencing nightmares about separation.
- Agoraphobia is disproportionate fear of being in a situation that cannot be escaped from, such as using public transport, and that support will not be forthcoming, for example being outside the home alone. It usually lasts at least six months and causes problems in functioning due to avoidant behaviours.
- Specific phobias revolve around an excessive and persistent fear of a certain object, situation or activity that wouldn’t normally be considered harmful. The sufferer usually knows that the fear is disproportionate but feels unable to overcome it, and will go to extremes to circumvent it, such as not booking holidays abroad because of a fear of flying, or endure it with intense dread.
- Selective mutism is characterised by consistent selectivity in speaking, eg. the individual (who is usually a child) is competent in language at home, but doesn’t speak at school, and this is not due to a different language being used in the two locations. The issue lasts for at least one month, is not limited to the first month of school, and is sufficiently severe so as to interfere with social communication or educational progress.
- Hypochondriasis features a persistent preoccupation with the possibility of having one or more serious illnesses, which may manifest with repetitive health-related behaviours such as constantly researching symptoms or seeking reassurance from medical professionals, or denial such as missing appointments.
Other conditions can overlap with anxiety, for example obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).