Risk factors for CKD also include increasing age; diabetes; acute kidney injury; belonging to a population group that has a high rate of diabetes or high blood pressure, such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian, Pacific Islanders, and native Americans; family history of kidney failure; and cardiovascular disease, such as ischaemic heart disease, chronic heart failure or peripheral vascular disease. 

Symptoms of reduced kidney function, which could lead to CKD include: 

Early-stage CKD is often managed in primary care and patients might only be referred to specialist renal services as their condition worsens.