Things move fast in healthcare, as 2015 proved. Drugs were launched, others were withdrawn. Laws changed, as did clinical guidelines. Papers were published, and safety issues raised.

This module aims to summarise some of the key developments that took place over the last year that pharmacy technicians need to be aware of in order to deliver the most up to date care, advice and services to their patients.

OTC medicines

OTC diclofenac was withdrawn amid concerns that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) could cause serious cardiac side effects in some patients. Although this

link is stronger in individuals who take diclofenac at high doses and for long-term treatment, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), the UK drug regulator, stated that the drug should only be used by individuals who had undergone a medical assessment.

It is worth noting that while ibuprofen hit the headlines for the same reason later in the year, OTC doses (i.e. no higher than 1,200mg per day) are not associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Two pharmacy-only (P) medicines switched to general sales list (GSL) during 2015: Nexium Control (esomeprazole) and Soleve Sunburn (ibuprofen one per cent and isopropyl myristate 10 per cent).

Products containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are set to stay on pharmacy shelves following the publication of an assessment report that lauded pharmacy for its efforts in preventing misuse of the ingredients since sales restrictions were introduced in 2007-08.

A warning was issued about the use of codeine in cough and cold products because of concerns about the unpredictable way in which children's bodies convert the opioid to morphine. Having high morphine levels in the blood can cause toxicity, which can manifest in a number of ways, including breathing difficulties. Such products should therefore not be used by breastfeeding mothers, children under 12 years, and children aged between 12 and 18 years who have breathing problems.

Looking ahead to 2016, a new OTC product is likely to be launched for cold-related nasal runniness and congestion. Otrivine Extra Dual Relief (xylometazoline hydrochloride 70mcg and ipratropium bromide 84mcg per spray) is currently being considered by the MHRA, following the submission of an application by manufacturer Novartis Consumer Health (now owned by GlaxoSmithKline).